Table 2-1

Table 2-1. Summary of the climate and site conditions for eleven RTDF trial locations.

 

 

Site

 

 

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

 

units

CA

OH

AK

AK

AK

NY

KS

RI

MO

AR

IN

Mean annual precipitation

inches

23

41

4.5

14.2

109

43

33

46

37

53

45

Growing season length

days

270

175

up to 56

100

180

175

180

196

175

180

175

Average last frost

 

none

15-Apr

early July

1-May

1-Apr

27-Apr

15-Apr

13-Apr

26-Apr

16-Apr

15-Apr

Average first frost

 

none

15-Oct

anytime

1-Sep

15-Oct

19-Oct

15-Oct

27-Oct

16-Oct

22-Oct

15-Oct

Depth to groundwater

feet

2 - 6

50 - 95

1 - 3

3 - 4

< 0.7

1 - 8

 

10

25 - 45 

 

3

Contaminant Source

 

crude oils, API separator sludge

slop oil, API separator sludge

refined products -- arctic diesel, MOGAS, JP-5

refined products -- arctic grade diesel, jet fuel

refined products -- motor oil, diesel

former manufactured gas plant

motor pool wastes

refined products -- No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils

refined products (PRS1, PRS6) and refinery waste

crude oil

former manufactured gas plant

Depth of contamination

feet

up to 12

2.5

3 - 5

3 +

unknown

20

2

< 2

up to 15

 

2 to 6



 
 
 
 

Table 2-2

Table 2-2. Summary of the experimental design details for eleven RTDF sites.

 

Site

Site Code

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

State

CA

OH

AK

AK

AK

NY

KS

RI

MO

AR

IN

Treatments

standard mix

standard mix

standard mix w/ fertilizer

standard mix w/ fertilizer

standard mix w/ fertilizer

standard mix

standard mix

 

 

standard mix

willow/poplar

 

native grasses

hackberry

standard mix no fertilizer

standard mix no fertilizer

standard mix no fertilizer

willow/poplar

switchgrass

 

 

bermudagrass/fescue

 

 

 

willow/poplar

unvegetated w/ fertilizer

unvegetated w/ fertilizer

unvegetated w/ fertilizer

volunteer revegetation

 

 

 

 

 

 

unvegetated

unvegetated

unvegetated no fertilizer

unvegetated no fertilizer

unvegetated no fertilizer

unvegetated

unvegetated

 

 

unvegetated

unvegetated

Experimental Design

RCBD

RCBD

Factorial

Factorial

Factorial

RCBD

RCBD

 

 

RCBD

RCBD

Replications

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

 

 

4

9

Experimental Plot Size

25' x 30'

35' x 35'

8' x 14'

15' x 25'

7' x 14'

20' x 20'

20' x 20'

 

 

400 sq. ft.

24' x 24'

Planting Date

12/3/98

4/23/99

6/23/99

9/2/98

9/4/98

6/6/99

9/15/99

spring 2000

spring 2000

10/15/99

May-99

Sampling Dates

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Time 0

12/3/98

4/21/99

6/23/99

6/20/98

8/20/98

6/23/99

9/12/99

 

 

10/15/99

May-99

Time 1

6/2/99

1A -- 10/27/99

9/14/99

1A -- 7/20/99

1A -- 6/2/99

11/11/99

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1B -- 9/28/99

1B -- 11/29/99

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cores per plot

8

4

4

4

4

8

8

 

 

9 for shallow

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3 for deep

 

Sampling Depth:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shallow

0 - 15 cm

0 - 15 cm

15 - 18 cm

15 - 20 cm

5 - 10 cm

0 - 20 cm

0 - 15 cm

 

 

0 - 15 cm

0 - 60 cm

Deep

15 - 45 cm

15 - 75 cm

28 - 35 cm

30 - 35 cm

15 - 20 cm

20 - 40 cm

15 - 45 cm

 

 

15 - 45 cm

60 - 120 cm

 

 

75 - 120 cm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

120 - 180 cm

Fertilization:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vegetated plots

yes 

yes

both

both

both

no

yes

 

 

yes 

yes

Unvegetated plots

no

no

both

both

both

no

no

 

 

no

no

Weeding method on control

glyphosate

hand spading surface soil

none

hand weeding

none

glyphosate

glyphosate

 

 

glyphosate

none



 
 
 
 

Table 3-1

Table 3-1. Time 0 means and standard deviations for TPH by GC/FID for four RTDF sites. Data were adjusted based on the surrogate recovery percentage.

 
 
 

 

Site

A

 

B

 

F

 

G

mean

±

SD

 

mean

±

SD

 

mean

±

SD

 

mean

±

SD

Depth

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

mg/kg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shallowa

45535

±

31225

 

13836

±

4444

 

1429

±

279

 

14704

±

2542

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deepb

57444

±

21383

 

12155

±

6414

 

649

±

322

 

12762

±

2504

 

a Shallow depth is 0 - 15 cm for Site A, B, G; and 0 - 20 cm for Site F.

 

b Deep corresponds to 15 - 45 cm for Site A, G; 15 - 75 for Site B; and 20 - 40 cm for Site F. 



 
 
 
 

Table 3-2

Table 3-2. Treatment mean concentrations of TPH, hopane, and hopane expressed on an oil weight basis for the Time 0 sampling of four RTDF locations.

 

Site

 

Treatment

 

Depth

cm

TPH by
GC/FID

mg/kg

Hopane

mg/kg

Hopane
oil wt. basis

mg/kg oil

A

Standard mix

0 - 15 

47259

6.3

174

 

Native

 

38754

6.8

230

 

Unvegetated

 

50591

8.9

206

A

Standard mix

15 - 45

64244

10.9

176

 

Native

 

61413

11.4

192

 

Unvegetated

 

46676

8.6

200

B

Standard mix

0 - 15 

13674

7.0

514

 

Hackberry

 

13115

7.0

552

 

Willow/poplar

 

12810

7.6

598

 

Unvegetated

 

15745

7.1

528

B

Standard mix

15 - 75

11392

2.9

264

 

Hackberry

 

11718

2.6

245

 

Willow/poplar

 

17811

3.9

256

 

Unvegetated

 

8101

2.5

310

F

Standard mix

0 - 20 

1336

0.07

50

 

Willow/poplar

 

1340

0.08

58

 

Volunteer revegetation

 

1379

0.07

53

 

Unvegetated

 

1663

0.11

61

F

Standard mix

20 - 40

821

0.16

275

 

Willow/poplar

 

575

0.07

162

 

Volunteer revegetation

 

527

0.08

156

 

Unvegetated

 

672

0.11

193

G

Standard mix

0 - 15 

16454

5.5

339

 

Native

 

15487

5.8

383

 

Unvegetated

 

12921

5.0

389

G

Standard mix

15 - 45

10556

3.9

316

 

Native

 

14706

4.4

306

 

Unvegetated

 

12582

3.2

280



 
 
 
 

Table 3-3

Table 3-3. Multiple comparison of treatment means for TPH, total priority PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalents for Site A -- Time 0. Within each group of three treatments, means followed by the same letter are not different by an lsd test with p<0.05.

Parameter

 

Treatment

Depth

(0-15 cm)

Depth

(15-45 cm)

mean
mg/Kg

 

 

mean
mg/Kg

 

TPH by GC/FID

Standard Fescue/legume mix

47259

a

64244

a

Native species mix

38754

a

61413

a

Unvegetated

50591

a

46676

a

Total Priority PAHs

Standard Fescue/legume mix

30.9

a

137.2

a

Native species mix

36.0

a

139.0

a

Unvegetated

35.9

a

143.2

a

Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents

Standard Fescue/legume mix

4.51

a

15.23

a

Native species mix

5.62

a

15.01

a

Unvegetated

5.14

a

16.48

a



 
 
 
 

Table 3-4

Table 3-4. Multiple comparison of treatment means for TPH, total priority PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalents for Site B -- Time 0. Within each group of three treatments, means followed by the same letter are not different by an lsd test with p<0.05.

Parameter

 

 
 
 

Treatment

 

Depth
(0-15 cm)

Depth
(15-75 cm)

mean
mg/Kg

 

 

mean
mg/Kg

 

 

TPH by GC/FID

Standard grass mix

13674

a

11392

ab

 

Willow/poplar

12810

a

17811

a

 

Hackberry

13115

a

11718

ab

 

Unvegetated

15745

a

8101

b

Total Priority PAHs

Standard grass mix

49.6

a

59.1

ab

 

Willow/poplar

51.4

a

94.3

a

 

Hackberry

49.1

a

57.6

ab

 

Unvegetated

59.1

a

50.7

b

Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents

Standard grass mix

10.7

a

10.4

ab

 

Willow/poplar

10.7

a

15.4

a

 

Hackberry

10.5

a

9.9

b

 

Unvegetated

11.6

a

8.6

b



 
 
 
 

Table 3-5


 

Table 3-5. Multiple comparison of treatment means for TPH, total priority PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalents for Site F -- Time 0. Within each group of three treatments, means followed by the same letter are not different by an lsd test with p<0.05.

Parameter

 

 
 
 

Treatment

 

Depth
(0 - 20 cm)

Depth
(20 - 40 cm)

mean
mg/Kg

 

 

mean
mg/Kg

 

 

TPH by GC/FID

Standard grass mix

1336

a

821

a

 

Willow/Poplar

1340

a

575

a

 

Volunteer

1378

a

527

a

 

Unvegetated

1663

a

672

a

Total Priority PAHs

Standard grass mix

304.3

a

196.6

a

 

Willow/Poplar

357.1

a

106.6

a

 

Volunteer

368.9

a

82.8

a

 

Unvegetated

415.3

a

116.4

a

Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents

Standard grass mix

34.3

a

22.0

a

 

Willow/Poplar

39.0

a

14.0

a

 

Volunteer

43.1

a

10.7

a

 

Unvegetated

43.5

a

13.6

a



 
 

Table 3-6

Table 3-6. Multiple comparison of treatment means for TPH, total priority PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalents for Site G -- Time 0. Within each group of three treatments, means followed by the same letter are not different by an lsd test with p<0.05.

Parameter

 

 
 
 

Treatment

 

Depth

(0-15 cm)

Depth

(15-45cm)

mean

mg/Kg

 

mean

mg/Kg

 

TPH by GC/FID

Standard Fescue/legume mix

15704

a

12516

a

 

Switchgrass

15487

a

14382

a

 

Unvegetated

12921

a

11477

a

Total Priority PAHs

Standard Fescue/legume mix

13.7

a

17.0

a

 

Switchgrass

12.8

a

18.0

a

 

Unvegetated

10.8

a

15.4

a

Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents

Standard Fescue/legume mix

0.54

a

0.39

a

 

Switchgrass

0.52

a

0.47

a

 

Unvegetated

0.51

a

0.34

a



 
 

Table 3-7

Table 3-7. Multiple comparison of treatment means for TPH, total priority PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalents for Site K -- Time 0. Within each group of three treatments, means followed by the same letter are not different by an lsd test with p<0.05. Natural Attenuation is the same as unvegetated at other sites.

Parameter

 

 
 
 

Treatment

 

Depth
(0 - 60 cm)

Depth
(60 - 120 cm)

Depth
(180 - 120 cm)

mean

mg/Kg

 

 

mean

mg/Kg

 

 

mean

mg/Kg

 

 

Total Priority PAHs

Willow/Poplar

680.8

a

1064

a

2770

a

 

Natural Attenuation

881.2

a

1967

a

2906

a

Benzo[a]pyrene

Willow/Poplar

36.4

a

67.7

a

138.8

a

 

Natural Attenuation

59.6

a

122.4

a

150.8

a

Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents

Willow/Poplar

57.5

a

98.6

a

194.4

a

 

Natural Attenuation

87.1

a

177.1

a

212.8

a


 

Table 3-8

Table 3-8. Summary of mean priority pollutant PAH concentrations at Time 0 for five RTDF field trial locations. Individual PAHs are listed along with the total priority PAHs, the total of the carcinogenic PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalents.

 

 

Site A

Site B

Site F

Site G

Site K

Depth (cm)

0 - 15

15 - 45

0 - 15

15 - 75

0 - 20

20 - 40

0 - 15

15 - 45

0 - 60

60 - 120

 

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

Naphthalene

0.1

1.2

3.1

1.0

24.5

7.2

1.7

5.2

33.2

44.9

Acenaphthylene

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

8.3

2.5

ND

ND

14.5

25.4

Acenaphthene

0.1

3.1

0.1

0.5

4.9

1.2

0.5

0.8

7.5

24.6

Fluorene

0.1

4.2

0.2

0.5

9.1

1.9

0.9

1.4

10.9

34.3

Anthracene

2.0

5.3

0.6

0.5

13.8

3.2

0.4

0.4

21.8

65.3

Phenanthrene

0.7

22.0

2.7

2.5

42.8

11.2

2.8

3.8

88.1

206.6

Floranthene

0.3

2.8

0.4

1.4

52.7

18.8

0.4

0.3

128.5

268.6

Pyrene

4.0

26.1

4.3

14.0

47.6

15.4

0.9

0.8

127.2

232.8

Beno[a]anthracene1

1.8

12.4

2.8

8.1

30.9

10.8

0.2

0.1

59.7

115.1

Chrysene1

7.2

26.4

9.1

15.1

26.5

9.1

0.2

0.2

58.7

105.9

Benzo[b]fluoanthene1

1.9

6.6

3.2

4.2

27.9

12.7

3.6

3.0

65.5

109.8

Benzo[k]fluoranthene1

0.5

1.6

0.7

0.6

14.7

6.0

0.5

0.5

27.7

49.7

Benzo[a]pyrene1

3.6

11.3

6.9

7.6

29.2

10.6

0.1

0.1

48.0

95.1

Indeno[1,2,3,-c,d]pyrene1

0.8

1.2

2.7

1.1

13.3

6.2

0.1

0.0

41.3

64.0

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene1

1.0

2.2

3.1

2.0

3.4

1.4

0.0

0.0

7.3

13.3

Benzo[g,h]perylene

10.2

13.2

12.3

5.0

11.8

4.9

0.1

0.1

41.1

60.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total Priority PAHs

34.3

139.8

52.3

64.4

361.4

123.1

12.4

16.8

781.0

1515.2

Total Carcinogenic PAHs

16.9

61.7

28.4

38.9

145.9

56.8

4.7

4.0

308.3

552.8

Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents2

5.1

15.6

10.9

11.0

40.0

15.1

0.5

0.4

72.3

137.9

 

1 Carcinogenic PAHs 

2 Weighted sum of carcinogenic PAHs based on relative potency factors (USEPA, 1993)

 



 
 
 
 
 
 

Table 3-9

Table 3-9. Summary of mean hopane concentrations, D2/P2 and D3/P3 source ratios, and D3/C3 weathering ratio for RTDF Time 0 data.

 

Site A

Site B

Site F

Site G

Depth (cm)

0 - 15

15 - 45

0 - 15

15 - 75

0 - 20

20 - 40

0 - 15

15 - 45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hopane (mg/kg)

7.34

10.31

7.18

2.91

0.08

0.11

5.44

3.86

D2/P2

0.12

0.24

0.26

0.22

0.32

0.21

0.62

0.64

D3/P3

0.14

0.26

0.30

0.29

0.37

0.26

0.85

0.90

D3/C3

0.08

0.39

0.08

0.43

0.86

0.53

na

na

 

D2/P2 -- C2-dibenzothiophenes/C2-phenanthrenes/anthracenes potential source ratio 

D3/P3 -- C3-dibenzothiophenes/C3-phenanthrenes/anthracenes potential source ratio 

D3/C3 -- C3-dibenzothiophenes/C3-chrysenes potential weathering ratio 



 
 
 
 
 
 

Table 4-1

Table 4-1. Status of field sites summary for the RTDF: TPH in Soil Phytoremediation Team as of November 24, 2000. Sites that do not require a research agreement with EPA are signified with NA. When more than one set of samples is taken within a growing season, the growing season number is followed by a letter. For each sampling time, the first mark indicates field samples were taken, and the second mark indicates analytical results have been received by Kansas State.

Site Owner Interested

Regulatory Approvals Obtained

Research Agreement with EPA

Site 
Planted

Samples Collected/Analyzed

Microbial Analysis

Initial

Time 0

Time 1

Time 2

Time 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A

B

 

est.

 

Site A, CA

X

X

X

X

X/X

X/X

X/X

X/X

6/01

No

Site B, OH

X

X

X

X

X/X

X/X

X/X

11/00

 

11/02

Yes

Site C, AK

X

X

NA

X

X

X

X

X

11/01

Yes

Site D, AK

X

X

NA

X

X

X

X

X

X

11/01

Yes

Site E, AK

X

X

NA

X

X

X

X

X

X

11/00

Yes

Site F, NY

X

X

X

X

X/X

X/X

X/X

X

11/01

No

Site G, KS

X

X

NA

X

X/X

X/X

X

 

11/02

Yes

Site H, RI

X

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

No

Site I, MO

X

X

X

X

 

11/00

 

 

11/03

No

Site J, AR

X

X

X

X

X

X/X

X

12/00

 

11/02

Yes

Site K, IN

X

X

X

X

X

X/X

X/X

X

11/00

11/01

Yes


 

 

Table 5-1
 

Table 5-1. Mean values for root weight, root length density, and aboveground biomass for RTDF Sites A, B, and F sampled at the end of the first growing season. Aboveground biomass from trees has not been included in this summary.

 
 
 

Site

 

 
 
 

Treatment

 

 
 
 

Depth
cm

 
 
 

Sample
Size

 

 

Root
Weight
g

Root
Length
Density
mm/ml

 

Aboveground
Biomass
g/m2

A

Standard Mix

0 - 15

8

0.315

64.5

375.4

 

 

15 - 30

8

0.023

4.3

 

 

 

30 - 45

1

0.001

0.4

 

 

Native Mix

0 - 15

8

0.379

67.0

412.6

 

 

15 - 30

8

0.056

11.7

 

 

 

30 - 45

1

0.001

0.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B

Standard Mix

0 - 15

8

0.364

168.2

170.6

 

 

15 - 30

7

0.117

68.3

 

 

Willow/Poplar

0 - 15

2

0.305

97.3

139.1a

 

 

15 - 30

2

0.035

14.3

 

 

Established Tall Fescue

0 - 15

1

1.370

260.6

 

 

 

15 - 30

1

0.970

262.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F

Standard Mix

0 - 15

8

0.411

267.0

232.1

 

 

15 - 30

8

1.309

163.9

 

 

Willow/Poplar

0 - 15

8

0.360

42.4

68.9

 

 

15 - 30

8

1.340

87.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a Site B biomass in willow/poplar plot was a grass cover growing between the trees. Tree biomass was not estimated.


Table 6-1

 

Table 6-1. Recommended Cost Format (Modified)

Cost Category/Element

Example Items

Phytoremediation-Specific Items

1. Startup Costs for Technology

Technology mobilization,

setup, and demobilization

Includes the transportation (freight on board) or delivery of equipment, facilities, and personnel to and from a site, as well as the setup of temporary facilities and utilities necessary for the construction and startup of the remedial technology.

Travel

Tillage/spreading equipment

Planning and preparation

Includes permits and licenses including air emission and water discharge permits; licenses fees associated with use of a technology; regulatory interaction; and various written plans, such as work plans, sampling and analysis plans, health and safety plans, community relations plans, and site management plans

Site management plans

Site characterization (includes initial hydrocarbon analyses) 

Agronomic soil testing

Permitting/regulatory interaction

For R&D: CRADA/MOU costs, protocol development, CCs and meetings

Site work

Includes all work necessary to establish the physical infrastructure for a technology application and activities necessary to restore a site to pre-remediation conditions or to meet the specifications of a site restoration plan, Includes activities associated with preparing the specific site of the technology, such as clearing and grubbing; earthwork; and construction of utilities, culverts, treatment pads, foundations, and spill control structures.

Land clearing

Tillage prior to planting

Drainage controls

Amendments (fertilizer, pesticides, lime)

Spreading soil/sediments

Equipment and appurtenances

Includes structures, equipment, and appurtenances; construction or installation of remedial technology components and materials, including technology parts and supplies to make the technology and appurtenances operation; ownership (amortization), rental or lease of equipment; and plant upgrades, modifications, or replacements; for containment, this should be broadly interpreted as including structures such as slurry walls or caps; for pump and treat this includes construction and installation of extraction wells.

Irrigation system

Fencing

Seed/transplant stock

Lysimeters or piezometers

Startup and testing

Includes activities associated with the startup of the treatment technology, such as establishment of operating conditions, shakedown, and training of O&M personnel.

Initial planting costs (fertilization, seeding/transplant costs)

Initial monitoring during establishment

Other

Includes all other capital costs associated with the specific technology that have not been identified above. Generally, this would include costs for non-process equipment. Non-process equipment includes office and administrative equipment, such as data processing and computer equipment, safety equipment, and vehicles.

Plant selection study

Personnel protection equipment

Microbial analysis

 

2. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost for Technology

Labor

Includes labor to operate and maintain the technology and associated equipment, labor supervision, and payroll expenses. Covers ongoing operations, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance activities.

Site engineer

Field technician

Travel

Reporting requirements

Materials

Includes consumable supplies, process materials, bulk chemicals, and raw materials. Covers ongoing operations, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance activities.

Amendments (fertilizer, pesticides, lime)

Supplemental planting stock

Utilities and fuel

Includes consumable energy supplies, such as fuel, electricity, natural gas, and water. Covers ongoing operations, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance activities.

Equipment fuel

Irrigation system water supply and power

Equipment ownership, rental, or lease

Includes ownership (amortization) , rental, or lease of equipment necessary for operation and maintenance of remedial technology components.

Irrigation system

Tractor/harvester

Performance testing and analysis

Includes monitoring, sampling, testing, and analysis related to identifying the performance of a technology. Does not include similar activities related to demonstrating compliance with applicable regulations and permits specific to the technology application.

Microbial analysis 

For R&D: Plant growth assessment

Other monitoring

Agronomic soil tests

Other

Includes all O&M costs associated with a specific technology that were not identified above. Costs generally include non-process equipment overhead and health and safety associated with the O&M of a technology. Non-process equipment overhead includes maintenance and repair of office and administrative equipment, such as data processing and computer equipment, safety equipment, and vehicles. Health and safety costs include those for personal protective equipment and monitoring of personnel for health and safety.

Personnel protection equipment

 

3. Other Technology-Specific Costs

Compliance testing and analysis

Includes monitoring, sampling, testing, and analysis related to demonstrating compliance with applicable regulations and permits specific to the technology application. Does not include similar activities related to monitoring the performance of a technology.

Determination of cleanup goals (TPH/Individual hydrocarbons)

Hydrocarbon analyses (frequency in unit costs: 2 events/season at 3 samples/A)

For R&D, split out to BTEX; PAHs; Biomarkers; TPHCWG TPH

Soil, sludge, and debris excavation, collection, and control

Includes activities associated with excavation, collection , or control of contaminated soil, sludge, and debris prior to ex site treatment, including staging of contaminated media. This element includes collection of drums containing contaminated media.

Debris from land clearing

Excavation and/or on-site placement of contaminated soil

Disposal of residues

Includes activities associated with disposal of primary and secondary waste residues for the operation of the technology, such as treated soil disposed of off site. Covers both on- and off-site disposal of water residues.

Disposal of harvested plant material (for heavy metals)

Off-site disposal of treated soil

4. Other Project Costs

Includes all activities associated with remediation of a contaminated site that are not attributed directly to a specific technology, such as mobilization and demobilization, site work, and site reparation activities. These costs may be helpful in comparing costs of entire remediation projects and in comparing costs for a specific technology to that of the entire project.


Table 6-2

Table 6-2. Sample Worksheet for Compiling Phytoremediation-Specific Unit Costs Over a Three-Year Period -- R&D Application 

Type of Cost

Phytoremediation-Specific Cost Categories

Year 1 Technology Costs

Year 1 Total Cost ($)

Year 2 Technology Costs

Year 2 Total Cost ($)

Year 3 Technology Costs

Year 3 Total Cost ($)

Amt

Units

Unit Cost ($)

Amt

Units

Unit Cost ($)

Amt

Units

Unit Cost ($)

1. Startup Costs for Technology

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Technology mobilization, setup, and demobilization

Travel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tillage/spreading equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Planning and preparation

Site management plans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Site characterization

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agronomic soil tests

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Permitting/regulatory interaction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CRADA/MOU costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Protocol development

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Meetings, conference calls

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Site work

Land clearing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tillage prior to planting

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drainage controls (berms, etc.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amendments (fertilizer, pesticides, lime)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spreading soil/sediments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment and appurtenances

Irrigation system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fencing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Seed/transplant stock

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lysimeters or piezometers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Startup and Testing

Initial planting (fertilization, seeding/transplant)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Initial monitoring during establishment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

Plant selection study

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Personnel protection equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbial analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total capital costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. O&M for Technology

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Labor

Site engineer/agronomist

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Field technician

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Travel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reporting requirements

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Materials

Amendments (fertilizer, pesticide, lime)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supplemental planting stock

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Utilities and fuel

Equipment fuel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Irrgiation system water and power supply

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment ownership, rental, or lease

Irrigation system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tractor/harvester

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Performance testing and analysis

Microbial analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agronomic soil tests

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plant growth assessment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

Personnel protection equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total operation and maintenance costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Other Technology-Specific Costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Compliance testing and analysis

Determination of cleanup goals (i.e., TPH, individual hydrocarbons)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BTEX analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPH analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PAH analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Biomarker analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TPHCWG fraction analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Soil, sludge, and debris excavation, collection, and control

Excavation and/or on-site placement of contaminated soil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Debris from land clearing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Disposal of residues

Disposal of harvested plant material
(for heavy metal phytoextraction)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Off-site disposal of treated soil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Other Project Costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total technology cost (year basis for cost - sum of 1, 2, 3, and 4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total costs for calculating unit cost (sum of Capital and O&M costs)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Depth of remediation (ft)  

Areal extent of remediation (ft2)  

Quantity treated (ft3)  

Calculated unit cost  

Source: Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects. Revised Version. EPA 542-B-98-007. October 1998.  

Unit costs for the technology is considered by the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable to include Capital and O&M costs only.  


Table 6-3

Table 6-3. Sample Worksheet for Compiling Phytoremediation-Specific Unit Costs Over a Three-Year Period -- Full-Scale Application

Type of Cost

Phytoremediation-
Specific Cost Categories

Yr 1 Technology Costs

Yr 2 Technology Costs

Yr 3 Technology Costs

 1. Startup Costs for Technology

 

Amt

Units

Unit
Cost
($)

Year 1 Total Cost ($)

Amt

Units

Unit
Cost
($)

Year 2 Total Cost ($)

Amt

Units

Unit
Cost
($)

Year 3 Total Cost ($)

Tillage/spreading equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Planning and preparation

Site management plans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Site characterization

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agronomic soil tests

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Permitting/regulatory interaction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Site work

Land clearing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tillage prior to planting

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drainage controls (berms, etc.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amendments (fertilizer, pesticides, lime)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spreading soil/sediments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment and appurtenances

Irrigation system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fencing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Seed/transplant stock

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lysimeters or piezometers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Startup and testing

Initial planting (fertilization, seeding/transplant)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Initial monitoring during establishment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

Plant selection study

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Personnel protection equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbial analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total capital costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. O&M for Technology

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Labor

Site engineer/agronomist

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Field technician

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Travel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reporting requirements

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Materials

Amendments (fertilizer, pesticide, lime)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Supplemental planting stock

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Utilities and fuel

Equipment fuel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Irrgiation system water and power supply

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment ownership, rental, or lease

Irrigation system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tractor/harvester

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Performance testing and analysis

Microbial analysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agronomic soil tests

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

Personnel protection equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total operation and maintenance costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Other Technology-Specific Costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Compliance testing and analysis

Determination of cleanup goals(i.e., TPH, individual hydrocarbons)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hydrocarbon analyses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Soil, sludge, and debris excavation, collection, and control

Excavation and/or on-site placementof contaminated soil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Debris from land clearing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Disposal of residues

Disposal of harvested plant material 
(for heavy metal phytoextraction)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Off-site disposal of treated soil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Other Project Costs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total technology cost (year basis for cost - sum of 1, 2, 3, and 4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total costs for calculating unit cost (sum of Capital and O&M costs)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Depth of remediation (ft) 

Areal extent of remediation (ft2) 

Quantity treated (ft3) 

Calculated unit cost 

 

Source: Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects. Revised Version. EPA 542-B-98-007. October 1998. 

 


Table 7-1
 

Table 7-1. Carcinogenic PAHs for Site G at Time 0 and Risk-Based Concentrations from EPA Region III RBCs, Risk-Based Concentration Table. October 7, 1999.

 

Site G, Time 0 Concentrations

EPA Region III RBC

 

Surface Soil

Subsoil

Soil Ingestion

Groundwater Migration 

 

Mean

Max.

Mean

Max.

Industrial

Residential

DAF* 1

DAF* 20

PAH

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

mg/Kg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Benzo[a]anthracene

0.18

0.36

0.13

0.19

7.8

0.87

0.073

1.5

Chrysene

0.24

0.42

0.17

0.27

780

87

7.3

150

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

3.56

4.58

3.04

4.67

7.8

0.87

0.23

4.5

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

0.54

0.75

0.50

0.67

78

87

2.3

45

Benzo[a]pyrene

0.11

0.31

0.06

0.11

0.78

0.087

0.019

0.37

Indeno[1,2,3,-c,d]pyrene

0.08

0.20

0.04

0.07

7.8

0.87

0.64

13

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene

0.02

0.05

0.01

0.02

0.78

0.087

0.07

1.4

* DAF stands for dilution attenuation factor. It is assumed that attenuation processes will reduce the concentrations of PAHs between the source contaminated soil and the groundwater by a factor of 20.


Table 7-2
 

Table 7-2. TPH risk-based screening levels for Site G, Time 0. RBSLs are presented for residential and commercial exposure. Site G, Time 0, mean TPH values estimated by three methods are presented for comparison.

 

Residential Exposure

Commercial Exposure

TPH Analysis

 

Leaching

Inhalation

Ingestion

Leaching

Inhalation

Ingestion

GC/FID

Gravimetric

TPHCWG

 

Surface Soil

26,232

12,924,824

9,542

247,187

26,144,553

14,126

14704

15433

4154

 

Subsoil

16,335

6,462,412

6,864

127,664

13,072,276

10,163

12792

13157

1972